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A rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies. There are a number of available vaccines that are both safe and effective.〔 They can be used to prevent rabies before and for a period of time after exposure to the virus such as by a dog or bat bite.〔 The immunity that develops is long lasting after three doses.〔 They are usually given by injection into the skin or muscle.〔 After exposure vaccination is typically used along with rabies immunoglobulin.〔 It is recommended that those who are at high risk of exposure be vaccinated before potential exposure.〔 Vaccines are effective in humans and other animals. Immunizing dogs is very effective in preventing human disease.〔 They may be safely used in all age groups.〔 About 35 to 45 percent of people develop a brief period of redness and pain at the injection site.〔 About 5 to 15 percent of people may have fever, headaches or nausea.〔 After exposure to rabies there is no contraindication to its use.〔 Most vaccines do not contain thimerosal.〔 Vaccines made from nerve tissue, and relied upon by a few countries, mainly in Asia and Latin America, are less effective and have greater side effects.〔 Their use is thus not recommended by the World Health Organization.〔 Millions of people globally have been vaccinated and it is estimated that this saves more than 250,000 people a year.〔 It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication recommended for a basic health system. ==Modern vaccines== The human diploid cell rabies vaccine (H.D.C.V.) was started in 1967. Human diploid cell rabies vaccines are inactivated vaccines made using the attenuated Pitman-Moore L503 strain of the virus.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.who.int/rabies/vaccines/human_vaccines/en/index.html )〕 Human diploid cell rabies vaccines have been given to more than 1.5 million people as of 2006. Aside from vaccinating humans, another approach was also developed by vaccinating dogs to prevent the spread of the virus. In 1979 the Van Houweling Research Laboratory of the Silliman University Medical Center in Dumaguete in the Philippines, then headed by Dr. George Beran,〔("Dr. George W. Beran's Biography" ). World Rabies Day. Retrieved 2010-04-23.〕 developed and produced a dog vaccine that gave a three-year immunity from rabies. The development of the vaccine resulted in the elimination of rabies in many parts of the Visayas and Mindanao Islands. The successful program in the Philippines was later used as a model by other countries, such as Ecuador and the Yucatan State of Mexico, in their fight against rabies conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organization.〔("One World, One Health Rabies" ).OneHealthInitiative.com. Retrieved 2010-04-23.〕 In addition to these developments, newer and less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccine, and purified Vero cell rabies vaccine are now available. The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine uses the attenuated Wistar strain of the rabies virus, and uses the Vero cell line as its host. In Tunisia a rabies control program was initiated to give dog owners free vaccination to promote mass vaccination which was sponsored by their government. The vaccine is known as Rabisin (Mérial) , which is a cell based rabies vaccine only used countrywide. Vaccinations are often administered when owners take in their dogs for check-ups and visits at the vet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rabies vaccine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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